The fact that p-pronoun antecedents were given only 97% of the time is due to restricting the prior context to five sentences. 23A further question relates to the finding that during language comprehension p-pronouns and d-pronouns seem to be differentially sensitive to the various dimensions defining accessibility. 30In an additional search, we looked for strings of the form “finite Verb + er”. Available online: http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=lme4. In doing so, he pushed him several times.’. & Zanchetta, E. 2009. KAISERBRAND. Crystal Rose. Our vehicles undergo a series of checks and inspections. ‘The hiker physically supported a comrade, who was very old. Sep 22, 1927-d. Mar 4, 1936-s/o Wm & Blanche (Fry)-d.c. reads “Hare” Sec B . Section 4 presents the production experiment. Fraurud, K. 1990. Cher client, Nous sommes navrés d'apprendre que vous rencontriez des difficultés avec vos nouvelles télécommande. Entdecke (und sammle) deine eigenen Pins bei Pinterest. In this respect, pronouns differ from lexical NPs, which often take their antecedent over a longer distance (see Arnold, 2010 for discussion). 29 janv. Table 11. Victoria van Violence. Linguistische Berichte 198: 153-190. For canonical subject-initial context sentences, the p-pronoun preferentially refers to the topic and the d-pronoun to the focus. Language Resources and Evaluation 43 (3): 209-226. In P. Grosz, P. Patel-Grosz & I. Yanovich (eds. In A. Meinunger (ed. In total, 359 pronominal continuations were analyzed with about an equal number of cases in each of the four experimental conditions. For the p-pronoun, this is lower than what was achieved by the logistic regression model introduced above, but it is higher in the case of the d-pronoun. 6 One frequent use of d-pronouns is for making reference to a proposition, as in example [i]. A note on coherence relations, http://cogsci.uni-osnabrueck.de/~pbosch/download/TUE_DPro2013-11-16.pdf, http://www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de/forschung/ressourcen/korpora/tiger.html, http://journals.openedition.org/discours/docannexe/image/9188/img-1.jpg, http://journals.openedition.org/discours/docannexe/image/9188/img-2.jpg, http://journals.openedition.org/discours/docannexe/image/9188/img-3.jpg, licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale - Pas de Modification 4.0 International, Publication ethics and malpractice statement, Catalogue des 557 revues, null pronoun > pronoun > demonstrative > full noun phrase, [C -2] Gerade als sich der Schatten eines Baumes mit großen, breiten Blättern verflüchtigte, tauchte aus diesem. The next section gives an overview of prior research concerned with p- and d-pronouns in German. Since the definite article and the d-pronoun share forms (or are even the same lexical item, as proposed by Wiltschko, 1998), a definite determiner may increase the probability of using the d-pronoun. 66In the first sentence, an individual was introduced using a proper name or indefinite NP. Percentages (n) of the coherence relation established with the continuation depending on chosen pronoun type when the subject of the last context sentence was the antecedent of the pronoun, Table 14. This was the case for all the examples considered so far. Cognitive Status and the Form of Referring Expressions in Discourse. When the interaction terms were dropped from the random factors, a converging model resulted. Paper presented at the Institute for Research in Cognitive Science (IRCS) Workshop on Centering Theory in Naturally-Occurring Discourse (University of Pennsylvania, 20-28 May 1993). The Information Structural Effects of German P- and D-pronouns in Discourse. ZAS Papers in Linguistics 48. For d-pronouns, in contrast, an object bias was found. 42With regard to givenness in terms of number of mentions, consider first Figure 1, which shows how often the referent of the pronoun was referred to in the preceding context. Percentages (n) of definiteness categories of antecedents depending on pronoun type. Er schmiss ihn daraufhin hinaus. 2015. The R Project for Statistical Computing. The major thrust of accessibility theory has been stated succinctly by Ariel (2001: 29): Accessibility theory offers a procedural analysis of referring expressions, as marking varying degrees of mental accessibility. 37Here, one may again wonder whether the antecedent of er is the proper name Döring or the intervening possessive pronoun seine. Emphasis might also play a role in other examples with the d-pronoun, but we do not think that the use of the d-pronoun always involves emphasis. Watson has been ranked among the world's highest-paid actresses by Forbes and Vanity Fair, and was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by Time magazine in 2015. Perfekte Entscheidung , wenn Sie nicht für langes oder kurzes Haar entscheiden können,. (2003). The possessive pronoun’s antecedent, in contrast, is almost always a subject. Dec 19, 2017 - This Pin was discovered by Alice Song. A Google ingyenes szolgáltatása azonnal lefordítja a szavakat, kifejezéseket és weboldalakat a magyar és több mint 100 további nyelv kombinációjában. When this NP occurs within the last context sentence, that is, in the sentence immediately preceding the sentence containing the pronoun, we will call it a local competitor. Create an account or log in to Instagram - A simple, fun & creative way to capture, edit & share photos, videos & messages with friends & family. Les données de corpus montrent que le choix entre « p-pronom » et « d-pronom » dépend de plusieurs facteurs. We present a corpus study and a production experiment that investigated the choice between two types of pronouns in written German – personal pronouns and so-called d-pronouns, which have properties of both personal and demonstrative pronouns. ‘A visitor, who had green hair, provoked the security guy. Hinterwimmer, S. 2014. ), Intersentential Pronominal Reference in Child and Adult Language. Pronomina im Diskurs: deutsche Personal-und Demonstrativpronomina unter “Zentrierungsperspektive”. We will not discuss this issue at this point, but come back to it in the general discussion. We removed these 54 corpus texts from our sample and present a separate analysis for them after we have presented the analysis of the main corpus. ), Text Representation: Linguistic and Psycholinguistic Aspects. 61Given the main results presented above, the antecedent of the p-pronoun er typically has the following properties: it is a subject NP that occurs in clause initial position and it is already given in the prior discourse. The LehramtsNavi (teacher training navigation system) and Career Service’s programme of Since most subjects are human whereas most objects are non-human, d-pronouns may more often refer to a non-human referent than p-pronouns. Mimikry Berlin. September 57 Jahre alt wird, stammt gar nicht aus dem Saarland. In order to assess how strong the correlation between definiteness and givenness of the antecedent is, Table 3 shows the percentages of given and new uses for each definiteness category of the antecedent NP. ), Intersentential Pronominal Reference in Child and Adult Language. The new and indefinite entity of the last sentence was accompanied by a relative clause in order to give it more content and thereby increase the naturalness of the sentences. The paper concludes with a final discussion in Section 6. In addition, we found minor differences between the two pronoun types with regard to the definiteness and animacy of the antecedent and with regard to the presence of a local competitor. EDNA International – votre partenaire compétent pour des produits boulangers surgelés de haute qualité. I think the dress of the model perfectly fits ot the historic scene. We must leave this as a topic for future research. / Schwerer als der Tisch ist der Schrank. The antecedent of a d-pronoun, in contrast, is typically a new NP that occurs as non-subject in clause-final position. During language production, in contrast, a choice concerning the referential form used for referring to an entity given in the context has to be made even when the context does not contain a competitor. Discover (and save!) 1992. This referent is mentioned several times in the preceding context, and it is clearly the topic of this discourse. This position is assumed to be the preferred place for topics in general and personal pronouns in particular (Rambow, 1993; Frey, 2004). Theoretical Linguistics 39 (1-2): 1-37. Paper presented at the Workshop on the Impact of Pronominal Form on Interpretation (University of Tübingen, 15-17 November 2013). 70Participants were asked to read the short context passages and to write down a continuation sentence. The Non-Subject Bias of German Demonstrative Pronouns. In the first one, a reflexive pronoun is the last co-referential element, as in [8]. Kehler, A. Because of the prescriptive rule mentioned above, we consider only the distinction between humans and non-humans in our study. D-pronouns are much more frequent in spoken German than in written German (see Ahrenholz, 2007; Bosch et al., 2007). Anaphoric Reference by Demonstrative Pronouns in German. In the second sentence, a second entity, which was always masculine, was introduced using an indefinite NP. For the fixed factors, effect coding was used. Most of these were false hits because a word that was not a verb had been tagged as verb in the “DeWaC” corpus. EDNA International – votre partenaire compétent pour des produits boulangers surgelés de haute qualité. For recency, in contrast, we found only a minimal difference between the two pronoun types. Profitez dès à présent d’un carton GRATUIT ! London – New York: Routledge. This bias is stronger for the p-pronoun than for the d-pronoun (χ2 = 20, p < 0.001), although the difference is not a large one. Although the difference is small, it is significant (Fisher’s exact test, p = 0.006). Sie wurde 1879 gegründet Classifying all web sources of our corpus sample as to formal style is beyond the scope of this paper. Cliquez pour vous inscrire, Art. Le caramel est recommandé pour les filles avec un teint.. Table 8. 3.000.- Euro gewinnen Enie und Bodo für die Sinnesschulung für Kinder mit körperlichen und seelischen Einschränkungen in Wilhelmsdorf. Syntactic prominence concerns sentence internal properties of an antecedent. Fukumura, K. & Van Gompel, R. 2010. AccueilNuméros18Accessibility and Referential Cho... We present a corpus study and a production experiment that investigated the choice between two types of pronouns in written German – personal pronouns and so-called d-pronouns, which have properties of both personal and demonstrative pronouns. In this paper, we focus on the difference between two types of pronouns in German – personal pronouns like er (“he”) and so-called d-pronouns like der (lit. A Unified Account of the Properties of German Demonstrative Pronouns. Born in Bad Oldesloe, Germany, Genzken studied at the renowned Kunstakademie Düsseldorf whose faculty at the time included Joseph Beuys, Bernd … Both pronouns seem to require an antecedent that occurred recently and is therefore in an activated state in working memory. The second question addressed in the following experiment thus is how the rate of choosing a d-pronoun differs depending on whether an object in clause-final position is new or given. Google has many special features to help you find exactly what you're looking for. 77A different picture emerges when reference was made to the object of the context sentence, as can be seen in Table 14. He (p-pronoun/d-pronoun) has…’, (corpus = “DeWaC-6” text = “494949” id = “, (corpus = “DeWaC-6” text = “500797” id = “, (corpus = “DeWaC-9” text = “801409” id = “. As information structure and linear position are confounded, the preferred interpretation of the d-pronoun could as well be stated in linear terms – the d-pronoun preferentially refers to the clause-final NP. Predicting referential choice, 3.5. These expressions can be ordered on a scale of explicitness, ranging from fully reduced pronouns (null pronouns) to full lexical noun phrases (NPs). Crossing the givenness of the underlined antecedent (given or new) and its clausal position (first or last) resulted in four experimental conditions shown in [12] (for reasons of space, both referents are underlined in [12]). your own Pins on Pinterest Bouma, G. & Hopp, H. 2007. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins: 29-88. 31In sum, restricting our analysis to subject pronouns in sentence-initial position allows us to concentrate as far as possible on factors that are immediately relevant for defining accessibility and thus for choosing between a p- and a d-pronoun. 98The easiest way to adjust the accessibility-based criterion to both modalities would be to introduce a further factor modality, which reduces the rate of d-pronouns in written language and increases this rate in spoken language. Paderborn University’s learning centres provide students with learning support, in particular in subject-related issues. ZAS Papers in Linguistics 58. A particularly striking example is provided in [17]. Discours 12: 1-24. Second, by itself, neither givenness, nor syntactic function, nor clausal position can account for all of the interpretative preferences found for d-pronouns. The numbers printed in boldface are the cases that are erroneously classified by this simple decision criterion. Zuckerstück Berlin. Most experiments on German are similar to the experiments of Ellert (2013) in that they do not provide enough context to unambiguously determine the discourse status of the potential antecedents provided in the context sentence. [C -3] Maria war am Sonntag im Zirkus. thèmes intéressants, La base optimale pour toutes les spécialités à garnir. [C -2] Bevor die Aufführung begann, hatte sie schon einen Clown herumlaufen sehen. Choosing Anaphoric Expressions: Do People Take into Account Likelihood of Reference? given. Gundel, J.K., Hedberg, N. & Zacharski, R. 1993. 91The question thus is whether the antecedent in these cases was not only given but also a topic. First, the p-pronoun’s antecedent is a p-pronoun itself in a substantial number of cases, whereas p-pronouns are rarely the antecedent for the d-pronoun, although some cases still occur. Capturing emphasis in a corpus study is very difficult, if possible at all. In order to identify cases that are not captured by accessibility, we consider first how far we get when we use accessibility alone for deciding whether to use a p- or a d-pronoun. Importantly, however, in slightly more than half of the cases where a d-pronoun is used, no local competitor is present. Nous voudrions effectuer une description ici mais le site que vous consultez ne nous en laisse pas la possibilité. Our startup-radar list startups even earlier. 20 nov. 2019 - La Team Sauvage a dégote rien que pour vous 10 idées de coiffures pour cheveux courts et mi-longs qui vont vous inspirer, sans aucun doute ! Snacks à base de pain - le pain dans tous ces états. Mel Riot. This new sample was analyzed by means of logistic regression. Since gender is a grammatical category in German, masculine NPs, including pronouns, can refer to male persons but also to things. Discover (and save!) When only looking at examples with a local competitor, a difference between p-pronoun and d-pronoun emerges (χ2 = 10, p < 0.01). 33Because the set of corpus hits was too large to be analyzed completely, we drew a random selection of 500 examples for each pronoun. Alice la Douce. ZAS Papers in Linguistics 48. We were especially interested in the question whether the corpus finding that a d-pronoun is chosen to refer to a given NP in sentence final position also holds for completions written by participants. Vehicle classification . Naauwkeurige beschryving der aardgewassen : waar in de veelerley aart en bijzondere eigenschappen der boomen, heesters, kruyden, bloemen, met haare vrugten, zaden, wortelen en bollen, neevens derzelver waare voort-teeling, gelukkige aanwinning, en heylzaame genees-krachten : na een veel-jarige oeffening en eigen ondervinding, in drie onderscheide boeken, naauwkeuriglijk beschreeven worden The corpus data show that the choice between p(ersonal) pronoun and d-pronoun depends on several factors that have been claimed to determine a referent’s accessibility (Ariel, 1990), in particular givenness and syntactic prominence (syntactic function and clausal position). Since this decision has to be made even if there is no competitor to the actual antecedent, an absolute decision criterion is needed. 97A final issue that we want to discuss concerns the finding that d-pronouns are used much less often than p-pronouns when establishing pronominal reference. The two reasons for the observed difference between p- and d-pronouns with regard to animacy do of course not exclude each other. The experimental items were supplemented with 32 filler items that – other than the experimental material – also contained non-male and inanimate entities in the third context sentence. It comes from a furniture store in Belgium.’. Works: Schütz: "Gloria patri" for the 111th psalm from Psalmen Davids, SWV 34, Es steh' Gott auf, SWV 356, from Symphoniae sacrae, part two (20), Der Engel sprach zu den Hirten, SWV 395, from Geistliche Chormusik (20), O Jesu süss, wer dein gedenkt, SWV 406, from Symphoniae sacrae, part three (20), Ach Herr, du Schöpfer aller Ding, SWV 450 (20), Güldne Haare, gleich Aurore, SWV 440 (20). I took the photo of the hallway a few days ago. 13Based on a broad survey of the existing evidence, Bosch (2013: 42) arrives at the generalization in [5], where “DPro” stands for d-pronoun and “PPro” for p-pronoun (see also Hinterwimmer, 2014). The second sentence in [15] takes up the action introduced in the preceding sentence and adds the information that this condition lasted until they reached the valley. Mixed-effects model for the results of the completion experiment. 43As explained above, the numeric variable “number of mentions” was converted into a categorical variable “givenness” with the two values “given” (number of mentions > 1) and “new” (number of mentions = 1). Grammatische Überlegungen zu einer Teiltheorie der Textkohärenz. 1996. Feb 16, 1895-d. Aug 15, 1973-s/o Burd M. & Alice (Siders)-h/o Blanche W. (Fry) Sec B. HAFFNER, ANANIS D.-b. Rambow, O. Available online: http://www.R-project.org. Wiltschko, M. 1998. Like the preceding sentences, this sentence adds further information about Kasimir. We present a corpus study and a production experiment that investigated the choice between two types of pronouns in written German – personal pronouns and so-called d-pronouns, which have properties of both personal and demonstrative pronouns. The LehramtsNavi (teacher training navigation system) and Career Service’s programme of HAARE, MARY ALICE (Siders)-b. Mar 21, 1866 PA-d. Jan 15, 1959-d/o Cyrus & Mary Elizabeth (Shertzer) Siders-w/o B. M. Sec F. HAARE, RICHARD ELMER-b. 78In sum, the data presented in this section indicate that the referential form that is chosen for referring to a particular referent in a continuation sentence is not independent of the coherence relation that connects the continuation sentence with the preceding context. Marilla Muriel Fotomodel. In [16], the provocation described in the context sentence causes the expulsion that is pictured in the continuation. [C -4] Apropos, ‘Together the three of us flew to Athens. The accessibility of each potential antecedent is determined, and the one with the highest or lowest accessibility value is chosen as antecedent, depending on the particular pronoun. In particular, it could follow from the fact that p-pronouns are subject-oriented whereas d-pronouns are object-oriented. Watson has been ranked among the world's highest-paid actresses by Forbes and Vanity Fair, and was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by Time magazine in 2015. The existing research concerned with these pronouns has focused on language comprehension, in particular with regard to interpretative preferences in the case of referential ambiguity. A minor effect of this prescriptive advice cannot be excluded, as evidenced by the higher rate of non-human referents for the d-pronoun than for the p-pronoun. The Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics 2 (2): 143-181. KTvanStone. In contrast to the corpus example in [20], this sentence topic is not the discourse topic, which can be taken to be the referent introduced at the beginning (Maria). Anne Hoffmann - Herzmensch Fotografie. Figure 2. 6 janv. Taken together, these three categories account for about 90% of all antecedents for the p-pronoun. During language production, coherence relations are also crucially involved with regard to the decision about which referent of a given sentence to take up in the next sentence. Before the show, she saw a clown walking around.’, [T] CONTINUATION: _____________________________. This condition has been neglected so far, because prior research has typically investigated sentences where the first NP was given and the second NP new. However, even in this study information structure and linear position were confounded. Two different properties can increase a referent’s syntactic prominence and thereby make it more accessible. Bosch, P., Rozario, T. & Zhao, Y. Computational Linguistics 21 (2): 203-225. We then describe how the corpus examples were extracted and prepared for later analysis. 2016 - Quelle couleur de cheveux vous correspond le mieux, selon votre visage, teint, et selon vos yeux ? This condition thus serves as a baseline for the use of d-pronouns. Paper presented at the International Conference “Prominence in Language” (University of Cologne, 15-17 June 2015). The givenness of these two constituents was also reflected in terms of the definite or indefinite article of the NP. Both corpus studies thus find that the subject bias for p-pronouns is stronger than the object bias for d-pronouns. Both are specified for the features “masculine” and “singular”3. May 21, 2019 - dropthebrandco.shop is your first and best source for all of the information you’re looking for. First, a subject is more prominent than an object. In T. Sanders, J. Schilperoord & W. Spooren (eds. However, prior research has demonstrated that the use of definite NPs without a textual antecedent is quite common. Possible limitations resulting from this restriction are discussed below. Plusieurs modèles inspirants et conseils utiles ici. Here, the last co-referential NP is the possessive pronoun seine which itself is co-referent with the subject NP Döring8. Identifying “Aboutness Topics”: Two Annotation Experiments. (2013), we first computed a model containing the full factorial design in the random slopes, but this model did not converge. Percentages of human and non-human referents depending on pronoun type. Although this rule does not in general prevent writers to use d-pronouns for referring to humans, some effect cannot be excluded. He was in a bad mood.’. Recency refers to the number of sentences that have been produced since the last mention of the referent. Join Facebook to connect with Angelina We and others you may know. Even when the use of a d-pronoun was highly favored, both the corpus study and the completion experiment showed a preference for the p-pronoun. Frollein, was tragen Sie denn? For the p-pronoun, the value that increases accessibility always occurs much more frequently than the value that decreases accessibility. 72As can be seen in Table 11, there is a general preference for the personal pronoun er. “the”). Responses were analyzed by means of linear mixed-effects logistic regression using the R-package “lme4” (Bates et al., 2015). (2003) present a corpus study based on the “Negra” corpus, a corpus of German newspaper texts. Joint distribution of the three properties “syntactic function”, “position” and “givenness” of the antecedent of the p-pronoun. Sieh dir an, was ainur la sorciere (ainurlasorciere) auf Pinterest, der weltweit größten Sammlung von Ideen, entdeckt hat. 11The context sentence in [4a] is either a subject-initial or a subject-final sentence. First, two different corpora were investigated. L’étude du corpus est complétée par une expérience de production qui a demandé aux participants de continuer un passage de texte court avec une phrase qui commence soit avec un « p-pronom », soit avec un « d-pronom ». The corpus study is supplemented by a production experiment that required participants to continue a short text passage with a sentence starting with either a p-pronoun or a d-pronoun.